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Despite his desire to keep the program stable, Knuth realised that 128В different characters for the text input were not enough to accommodate foreign languages the main change in version 3.0 of TeX (also called TeX90) is thus the ability to work with 8-bit inputs, allowing 256 different characters in the text input. In 1989, Donald Knuth released new versions of TeX and Metafont. TeX82 also uses fixed-point arithmetic instead of floating-point, to ensure reproducibility of the results across different computer hardware, and includes a real, Turing-complete programming language, following intense lobbying by Guy Steele. Among other changes, the original hyphenation algorithm was replaced by a new algorithm written by Frank Liang. TeX82, a new version of TeX rewritten from scratch, was published in 1982. The language used is called WEB and produces programs in DEC PDP-10 Pascal.

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The first version of TeX, called TeX78, was written in the SAIL programming language to run on a PDP-10 under Stanford's WAITS operating system.ДЇor later versions of TeX, Knuth invented the concept of literate programming, a way of producing compilable source code and cross-linked documentation typeset in TeX from the same original file. When Steele returned to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology that autumn, he rewrote TeX's input/output ( I/O) to run under the Incompatible Timesharing System (ITS) operating system. Guy Steele happened to be at Stanford during the summer of 1978, when Knuth was developing his first version of TeX. He planned to finish it on his sabbatical in 1978, but as it happened, the language was not ' frozen' (ready to use) until 1989, more than ten years later. On, he wrote a memo to himself describing the basic features of TeX. Knuth saw for the first time the output of a high-quality digital typesetting system, and became interested in digital typography. When Knuth received the galley proofs of the new book on 30 March 1977, he found them inferior.Дisappointed by the galley proofs of the second edition of the second volume, he was motivated to design his own typesetting system. When the second edition was published, in 1976, the whole book had to be typeset again because the Monotype technology had been largely replaced by phototypesetting, and the original fonts were no longer available. This method, dating back to the 19th century, produced a 'classic style' appreciated by Knuth. When the first paper volume of Knuth's The Art of Computer Programming was published in 1968, it was typeset using hot metal typesetting set by a Monotype machine.

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TeX is free software, which made it accessible to a wide range of users. TeX was designed with two main goals in mind: to allow anybody to produce high-quality books with minimal effort, and to provide a system that would give exactly the same results on all computers, at any point in time (together with the Metafont language for font description and the Computer Modern family of typefaces). It is also used for many other typesetting tasks, especially in the form of LaTeX, ConTeXt, and other macro packages. It has long since displaced Unix troff, the previously favored formatting system, in most Unix installations. TeX is widely used in academia, especially in mathematics, computer science, economics, political science, engineering, linguistics, physics, statistics, and quantitative psychology. TeX is a popular means of typesetting complex mathematical formulae it has been noted as one of the most sophisticated digital typographical systems. TeX ( / t Й› x/, see below), stylized within the system as T eX, is a typesetting system which was designed and written by Donald Knuth and first released in 1978.

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